Bio-Santee Chem 

PK-6 is the combination of 6 ingredients which helps to minimize the pain of the body which includes cancer pain and all joints pains. PK-6 is a combination of herbal ingredients , most of ingredient have been approved by FDA for human use a long time ago. 

The basic ingredients are:-

 1) Capsicin

2) Aloe Vera

3) Grape Seed Oil

4)Eucalyptus

5) Sage Oil

6) Menthol

Capsaicin

Scientific Name

Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum annuum. Family: Solanaceae

Common Name

Cayenne, chili pepper, capsaicin, African chilies, green bell pepper, red pepper, tabasco pepper

Clinical Summary

An active component derived from the fruit of capsicum (Cayenne pepper). This substance has been used to relieve pain, improve circulation and to treat psoriasis topically. External preparations are thought to reduce pain sensation by depleting neurotransmitter, substance P. In clinical trials, capsaicin cream / spray reduces post-surgical pain in cancer patients ⁽¹⁾, however it is not effective for HIV-associated distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy ⁽²⁾. Studies on capsaicin for arthritis yielded mix results ^{(3) (4)}. Other studies suggest capsaicin is effective against psoriasis ⁽⁵⁾, prurigo nodularis ⁽⁶⁾ and pruritis ani ⁽¹⁵⁾. Intravesical capsaicin injection can induce diuresis ⁽⁷⁾. Intranasal application of capsaicin may be effective in reducing the occurrence of cluster headaches ⁽⁸⁾ and rhinitis ⁽¹⁶⁾. Because of its pungent nature, capsaicin is thought to have carcinogenic activities, however, a study in rats demonstrated that topical application of capsaicin does not induce tumors ⁽¹⁰⁾. Data from another in vitro study suggest that capsaicin can inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells ⁽¹⁷⁾. Common adverse events include skin redness and burning after application but subside following repeated administration ⁽⁹⁾.

Food Sources

Cayenne pepper

Purported uses

·  Circulatory disorders

·  Colic

·  Diabetic neuropathy

·  Diarrhea

·  Headaches

·  Herpes zoster neuropathy

·  High cholesterol

·  Motion sickness

·  Muscle pain

·  Osteoarthritis

·  Pruritus

·  Rheumatoid arthritis

·  Spasms

·  Stomach and intestinal gas

·  Toothache

Constituents

·  Capsaicinoids: capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin

·  Volatile oils: trace amounts

·  Proteins

·  Carotenoid pigments
⁽¹⁾

Mechanism of Action

Capsaicin is believed to cause depolarization of C-fiber polymodal nociceptors ^{(11) (12)} and release of substance P, which is a neurotransmitter that relays pain signals to the brain. This action may actually increase pain sensation after initial use. However, repeat applications deplete the reserves of substance P at the afferent neurons leading to pain relief ⁽¹³⁾. Depletion of substance P does not occur immediately. Effective use of the cream requires topical application 4 or 5 times daily for a period of at least 4 weeks.
⁽²⁾

Pharmacokinetics

Capsaicin is absorbed through the skin and mucus membranes.

Warnings

Capsaicin can be extremely irritating to the mucous membranes and to the eyes. Avoid contact with eyes and irritated or broken skin. Use gloves when applying topically.

Adverse Reactions

Common (topical): Burning, urticaria, contact dermatitis ⁽⁹⁾

Herb-Drug Interactions

Oral ingestion of purified capsaicin is not recommended. However, oral use in theory may potentially cause the following interactions.

ACE inhibitors: Capsaicin can increase the incidence of cough that is associated with ACE inhibitors.
Sedatives: Capsaicin may increase sedation.
Theophylline: Concurrent administration with capsaicin may increase absorption.
Monamine-oxidase inhibitors: Capsaicin may increase catecholamine secretion.
Antihypertensives: Capsaicin may increase catecholamine secretion and antagonize hypotensive effects. ⁽¹⁴⁾

Aloe Vera

Scientific Name

Aloe barbadensis, Aloe capensis

Common Name

Aloe gel, aloe leaf

Clinical Summary

Aloe vera is a tropical plant used in traditional medicine throughout the world. It has been studied for its ability to relieve constipation, treat burns, heal wounds, treat psoriasis, frostbite, ulcerative colitis and diabetes.
Recent studies suggest that some components of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects ^{(5) (7) (8)}. Emodin, an extract of aloe vera, inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cell lines through p53- and p21-dependent pathways ⁽⁴⁾. Aloe is also thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ⁽⁹⁾.
Concurrent administration of aloe with chemotherapy was reported to benefit patients with metastatic cancers ⁽²⁰⁾. More research is needed. Data on external use of aloe products to alleviate radiation-induced skin damage are inconsistent ^{(1) (2) (3)}. Aloe is used by many cancer patients but its anticancer effects have not been evaluated in humans.

1. Purported uses
2. ·  Burns
3. ·  Cold sores
4. ·  Colitis
5. ·  Diabetes
6. ·  Dry Skin
7. ·  Inflammation
8. ·  Pain
9. ·  Pruritus

Constituents

·  Mono- and polysaccharides

·  Tannins

·  Sterols

·  Organic acids

·  Enzymes

·  Saponins

     ·  Vitamins

     ·  Minerals

·  Glucomannan, acemannan

·  Emodin

·  Lipids: cholesterol, gamolenic acid
^{(18) (16)}

Mechanism of Action

It is presently believed that some of the beneficial effects of aloe result from inhibition of bradykinin by a contained carboxypeptidase. Aloe is also thought to hinder the formation of thromboxane, the activity of which is detrimental to healing of burn wounds ⁽¹⁷⁾. Laxative effect of aloe juice and aloe latex is caused by anthraquinone glycosides aloin A and B ⁽¹⁶⁾. Some studies have indicated that aloe vera may have anticancer effects. Emodin, an extract of aloe vera, can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human liver cancer cell lines through p53- and p21-dependent pathway ⁽⁴⁾. Acemannan, a carbohydrate fraction derived from aloe vera leaf, can stimulate cytokine production in mouse macrophage cell line ⁽⁵⁾. It also exhibited immunomodulating activity by inducing maturation of dendritic cells ⁽⁶⁾. Another in vitro study has indicated aloeride, a polysaccharide obtained from aloe vera juice, as a potent immunostimulator by increasing NF-kappa B activities ⁽⁷⁾. A compound, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), isolated from aloe vera can inhibit leukemic cells in vitro ⁽⁸⁾.

Warnings

Aloe vera gel should not be confused with aloe juice or aloe latex, both of which contain anthraquinone, a cathartic laxative. Aloe vera taken for internal use should be discouraged due to possible adverse effects and inconclusive clinical data. Aloe vera injections for cancer patients have resulted in several deaths.
The FDA rules that aloe is not safe as a stimulant laxative.
⁽¹⁴⁾

Adverse Reactions

·  Topical administration of aloe vera gel is considered safe but oral consumption of aloe can cause gastrointestinal upset and electrolyte abnormalities.

·  Inappropriate use of aloe vera supplements has been linked to thyroid dysfunction ⁽¹⁰⁾, acute hepatitis ⁽¹¹⁾, and perioperative bleeding ⁽¹²⁾. Parenteral administration of aloe should be avoided due to potential toxicities and lack of clinical efficacy in humans.

·  A case of hypokalemia has been reported with use of aloe vera during chemotherapy ⁽¹⁹⁾.

Herb-Drug Interactions

Oral
Glyburide: Aloe may increase hypoglycemic effects.
Diuretics: Aloe may have additive hypokalemic effect due to diarrhea if used for a prolonged period.
Digoxin: Aloe may have additive hypokalemic effect due to diarrhea if used for a prolonged period.

Topical
Hydrocortisone: Aloe may increase anti-inflammatory effects.
⁽¹⁵⁾
Sevoflurane:Aloe may have additive antiplatelet effect causing excessive bleeding during surgery. ⁽¹²⁾

Grape Seed Oil

Scientific Name

Vitis vinifera, Vitis coignetiae; Family: Vitaceae

Common Name

Grape Seed Oil, Grape Seed Extract, muskat

Clinical Summary

Obtained as a by-product of wine production, grape seeds are ground to produce grape seed oil. Anecdotally, grape seed oil and grape seed extract (GSE) have been used as a laxative, antacid, cholagogic agent, in treating burns, ulcers, and as a hand cleanser ^{(1) (2)}. Studies of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in mice have shown effectiveness in minimizing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity as well as other drug-induced nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity ⁽³⁾. In vitro studies have shown GSPE to have synergistic anti-cancer effects with doxorubicin ⁽¹³⁾. GSPE also inhibits atherosclerosis ^{(4) (5)}. Small human trials have shown possible efficacy in decreasing LDL ⁽⁶⁾ and increasing total serum antioxidant activity ⁽⁷⁾. Additionally, topical application of GSPE has been shown to accelerate wound contraction and closure ⁽⁸⁾. But orally administered GSPE was not effective for breast induration following radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer ⁽¹⁴⁾.
Few side effects have been reported for GSPE consumption, however, because of its interference with cytochrome P450, it may affect the metabolism of certain drugs.

Food Sources

Red Wine Grapes

Purported uses

·  Atherosclerosis

·  Burns

·  Cancer prevention

·  Constipation

·  GI disorders

·  High cholesterol

·  Wound healing

Constituents

·  Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC): dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric OPCs, cathechin derivatives, other flavonoids ⁽³⁾

·  Lipids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, sitosterol and tocopherols. Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lecithin, cephalin, cerebrosides and phosphatic acid are bound to seed lipoproteins.

·  Proteins: leucine, arginine, cystine, phenylalanine, valine ⁽²⁾.

·  Tocopherol

·  Tannins ⁽¹⁾

Mechanism of Action

Proanthocyanidins and minor phenolic compounds found in GSPE are also found naturally in many foods including fruits, vegetables, chocolate and tea. On average, people consume 460-1000 mg/day of these combined substances ⁽⁹⁾. Procyanidins, subunits of proanthocyanidins, from V. vinifera seeds have been shown to have antioxidant activity and to alter capillary permeability in animal models ⁽²⁾. GPSE has protective effects on doxorubin-induced cardiotoxicity ⁽³⁾. Cardioprotective effects theoretically come from its ability to modulate anti-apoptotic genes and modify molecular targets such as DNA damage and repair, lipid peroxidation and intracellular calcium homeostasis ⁽⁵⁾. Procyanidins also inhibit xanthine oxidase activity and non-competitively inhibit the proteolytic enzymes collagenase and elastase and the glycosidases hyaluronidase and beta-glucuronidase. Polyphenolic substances from grape seeds have been shown to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and glucan formation from sucrose, which may aid in the prevention of dental caries. Seed tannins may stimulate cell renewal by interfering with mucosal proteins ⁽¹⁾.

top

Pharmacokinetics

GSPE is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 ⁽³⁾. Gastrointestinal absorption of GSPE is rapid. 70% of the extract is eliminated within the first 24 hours, most through the urine and feces although some through the bile ⁽²⁾.

Herb-Drug Interactions

Cytochrome P450: Grape seed extract has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzymes ⁽³⁾, therefore may affect serum concentrations of certain medications metabolized by the same enzyme.
Warfarin (Coumadin): due to its tocopherol content, GSE may theoretically enhance the activity of warfarin ^{(11) (12)}.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus is a tree. The dried leaves and oil are used to make medicine. Though eucalyptus is used medicinally for many purposes, there isn’t enough scientific evidence, so far, to rate it as effective for any of them.

Eucalyptus leaf is used for infections, fever, upset stomach, and to help loosen coughs. The leaf is also used for treating respiratory tract infections, whooping cough, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, osteoarthritis, joint pain (rheumatism), acne, wounds, poorly healing ulcers, burns, bacterial dysentery, ringworms, liver and gallbladder problems, loss of appetite, and cancer.

Eucalyptus oil should not be taken by mouth or applied to the skin full-strength. It must be diluted for safety. The diluted oil is taken by mouth for pain and swelling (inflammation) of respiratory tract mucous membranes, coughs, bronchitis, sinus pain and inflammation, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. It is also used as an expectorant to loosen coughs, antiseptic, fever reducer, and in vaporizer fluids. Other uses include treatment of wounds, burns, ulcers, and cancer.

Diluted eucalyptus oil is applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling of respiratory tract mucous membranes, joint pain, genital herpes, and nasal stuffiness. It is also used as an insect repellent.

In dentistry, eucalyptus oil is included in products used as sealers and solvents for root canal fillings. In foods, dried eucalyptus leaf is used as a flavoring agent.

In manufacturing, eucalyptus oil is used as a fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics. It is also used as a mouthwash, antiseptic, liniment and ointment, and in toothpaste, cough drops, and gum lozenges.

How does it work?

Eucalyptus leaf contains chemicals that might help control blood sugar. It also contains chemicals that might have activity against bacteria and fungi. Eucalyptus oil contains chemicals that might help pain and inflammation. It might also block chemicals that cause asthma.

EUCALYPTUS Uses & Effectiveness

• Reducing swelling (inflammation) of the upper airway tract.
• Stuffy nose.
• Wounds.
• Burns.
• Ulcers.
• Acne.
• Bleeding gums.
• Bladder diseases.
• Diabetes.
• Fever.
• Liver and gallbladder problems.
• Arthritis pain.

EUCALYPTUS Side Effects & Safety

Eucalyptus leaf is safe when consumed in the small amounts found in foods. There isn't enough information to know if supplements that contain larger amounts of eucalyptus leaf are safe.

Eucalyptus oil is UNSAFE when it is either taken by mouth or applied directly to the skin without first being diluted. Taking 3.5 mL of undiluted oil can be fatal. Signs of eucalyptus poisoning might include stomach pain and burning, dizziness, muscle weakness, small eye pupils, feelings of suffocation, and some others. Eucalyptus oil can also cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Eucalyptol, a chemical that is removed from eucalyptus oil and used as medicine, appears to be safe when taken by mouth for up to 12 weeks.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Eucalyptus seems to be safe for pregnant and breast-feeding women when used in food amounts. But don’t use eucalyptus oil. Not enough is known about safety during pregnancy or breast-feeding.

Children: Eucalyptus oil is UNSAFE for children. It should not be taken by mouth or applied to the skin. Not much is known about the safety of using eucalyptus leaves in children. It’s best to avoid use in amounts larger than food amounts.

Diabetes: Developing research suggests eucalyptus leaf might lower blood sugar. There is concern that using eucalyptus while taking medications for diabetes might lower blood sugar too much. Blood sugar levels should be monitored closely.

Surgery: Since eucalyptus might affect blood sugar levels, there is concern that it might make blood sugar control difficult during and after surgery. Stop using eucalyptus at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Sage Oil

Sage is a silvery-green plant with leaves that offer a memorable fragrant. The most common variety of sage was first found growing in regions around the Mediterranean but now grows in regions of North America as well. The leaves of the sage herb serve both medicinal and culinary purposes.

For thousands of years sage has been used for a variety of culinary and medicinal purposes. It has been used in connection with sprains, swelling, ulcers, and bleeding. As a tea, sage has been administered for sore throats and cough. Herbalists have also used this herb for rheumatism, menstrual bleeding, strengthening the nervous system, and sharpening the senses.

Even today, in many European countries sage is used medicinally as a gargle for sore throat and inflammation of the mouth and gums. Clinical studies also indicate that the substance found in sage oil may also offer antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects, explaining much of its medicinal activity.In Germany, sage herb is commonly used for upset stomach and excessive sweating. In England, sage is used for some symptoms of menopause.

Origin of sage oil

It is an evergreen perennial herb that can grow up to about 60cm ( 2 feet) high with a woody base, soft gray-green oval leaves and a mass of blue or violet flowers. The Chinese believed that it cured sterility, while the Romans believed it cured just about everything.

The name is derived from the Latin word 'salvare' which means 'heal' or 'save' and during the Middle Ages it was a popular ingredient of many nerve tonics and the herb was also used to clean gums.

Extraction

Sage oil is extracted from the dried leaves by steam distillation.

Chemical composition

The main chemical components of sage oil are a-pinene, camphene, b-pinene, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, a-thujone, b-thujone, camphor, linalool, bornyl acetate and borneol. Sage oil contains the chemical substances alpha- and beta-thujone, camphor, and cineole as well as other constituents including rosmarinic acid, tannins, and flavonoids.

Precautions

Sage is a powerful oil and should be used with care. It is classified as an oral toxin and should be used with great care in aromatherapy.

Therapeutic properties

The therapeutic properties of sage oil are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypertensive, laxative, stomachic and tonic.

Uses

Although this oil has a high thujone content, and can therefore cause convulsions when used in high concentrations, it is effective to stimulate the digestion and specially a bad appetite and due to its hormonal regulatory effect, it is most useful for menstrual problems, as well as the pain associated with rheumatism.

Sage oil also stimulates the lymphatic system and thereby boost glandular function while it also has value to treat dermatitis, atonic wounds, sores, ulcers, as well as insect bites and reducing large pores.

On the muscular system it can be used to ease stiff muscles and particularly fibrositis and torticollis (stiff neck) and eases trembling and palsy.

Summary

Even though sage oil can be toxic in too large dosages, it still offers some very good therapeutic properties which should be balanced against the side effects of this oil.

• Vapor therapy
• Used in vapor therapy by means of a burner or vaporizer, this oil can be used to calm the nerves and help with grief and depression, while quickening the senses and aiding memory.
• Massage oil or in bath
• When blended as a very small part of a massage oil, or used very sparingly in the bath, it can help with female sterility as well as menopausal problems while boosting the urinary tract, liver and kidneys, lymphatic system, while relaxing the muscles and sorting out fibrositis as well as torticollis - a stiff neck - as well as trembling and palsy.
• Cream or lotion
• Although the risk of too much sage oil must be carefully weighed against the positive effect it can have, it can be used with success to reduce pore size, healing of sores, atonic wounds, psoriasis, dermatitis as well as ulcers.

Sage

Scientific Name(s): Salvia officinalis L. (Dalmatian sage), S. lavandulaefolia Vahl. (Spanish sage). 1 Family: Labiatae or Lamiaceae

Common Name(s): Garden sage , true sage , scarlet sage , meadow sage

Uses of Sage

Dried sage leaf is used as a culinary spice and as a source of sage oil. Medicinally, the plant has antispasmodic and carminative properties. Sage leaves, apart from their culinary uses, have been recommended for dyspepsia, excessive sweating, and as a gargle in coughs and colds.

Sage Dosing

Typical dosage is 4 to 6 g/day of the leaf. 2

Contraindications

Contraindications have not yet been identified.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Do not use during pregnancy and lactation because of the lack of clinical trials.

Sage Interactions

None well documented.

Sage Adverse Reactions

Cheilitis, stomatitis, dry mouth, and local irritation. Patients with preexisting hypertension should closely monitor systolic and diastolic blood pressure when using the herb.

Toxicology

No data.

Botany

This small, evergreen perennial plant can attain heights up to 1 m, and its short woody stems branch extensively. The plant is native to the Mediterranean region and grows throughout much of the world. Its violet-blue flowers bloom from June to September. This plant should not be confused with red sage or the brush sage of the desert. 1 , 3

History

The name salvia derives from the Latin salvere , meaning to cure. Traditionally, sage and its oil have been used for the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. Ethanolic tinctures and decoctions have been used to treat various inflammations of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract; sage has also been used as a tonic and antispasmodic. The plant has been employed topically as an antiseptic and astringent and has been used to manage excessive sweating. Sage has been used internally as a tea for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, gastritis, tonsillitis, and sore throat. The dried leaves have been smoked to treat asthma. 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7

Dried sage leaf is used as a culinary spice and as a source of sage oil, which is obtained by steam distillation. The fragrance of the plant is said to suppress the unpleasant odor of fish. Sage oil is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. It is a widely used food flavoring, and sage oleoresin is also used in the culinary industry.

Chemistry

S. officinalis contains essential oil 1% to 2.8%, flavones, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid glycosides (such as martynoside), triterpenoids, and diterpenes, including phenolic, quinoidal, and rearranged abietane and apianane derivatives. Known compounds of the plant include salvigenin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, physcion, carnosol, rosmadial, rosmanol, epirosmanol, isorosmanol, columbaridione, atuntzensin A, miltirone, carnosic acid, and 12-O-methyl carnosic acid. 3 , 8 , 9 , 10

Sage oil contains α- and β-thujones that account for about half of the composition of the oil. S. lavandulaefolia and S. officinalis have similar compositions except that S. officinalis has a much higher concentration of thujone, which is toxic in large doses. S. lavandulaefolia also contains variable amounts of camphor, cineol, limonene, camphene, and pinene. Sage oil is often adulterated by the addition of thujone derived from the leaves of Juniperus virginiana (red cedar). 3 , 4 , 6 , 11 , 12

Pregnancy/Lactation

Do not use during pregnancy and lactation because of the lack of clinical trials.

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

Reported side effects from the ingestion of sage include cheilitis, stomatitis, dry mouth, or local irritation. Cheilitis and stomatitis have been reported in some cases following the ingestion of sage tea. 6 Ingestion of large amounts of the plant extract may cause dry mouth or local irritation according to some reports.

Toxicology

There were no significant side effects reported by healthy patients in 2 clinical trials. 11 , 15 However, in a pilot, open-label study involving oral administration of S. lavandulaefolia essential oil to patients with Alzheimer disease, a significant increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure was observed in 2 patients with preexisting hypertension. 16 Although sage oil contains thujone, the oil does not have a reputation for toxicity. The oil has been found to be nonirritating and nonsensitizing when applied topically to human skin in diluted concentrations. Spanish sage oil was also nonphototoxic when applied to mice and pigs. 3

References & Bibliography

Eucalyptus:

Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 1999;246:667-70.

Darben T, Cominos B, Lee CT. Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Australas J Dermatol 1998;39:265-7.

De Vincenzi M, Silano M, De Vincenzi A, et al. Constituents of aromatic plants: eucalyptol. Fitoterapia 2002;73:269-75.

FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Premarket Approval, EAFUS: A food additive database. Available at: vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/eafus.html.

Gray AM, Flatt PR. Antihyperglycemic actions of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) are associated with pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects in mice. J Nutr 1998;128:2319-23.

Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med 2003;97:250-6.

Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:277-83.

Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990;33:462-4.

Takahashi T, Kokubo R, Sakaino M. Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculata. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004;39:60-4.

Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;18:2273-81.

Vigo E, Cepeda A, Gualillo O, Perez-Fernandez R. In-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A.1 murine macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:257-63.

White RD, Swick RA, Cheeke PR. Effects of microsomal enzyme induction on the toxicity of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. J Toxicol Environ Health 1983;12:633-40.

Whitman BW, Ghazizadeh H. Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. J Paediatr Child Health 1994;30:190-1.

http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-700-EUCALYPTUS.aspx?activeIngredientId=700&activeIngredientName=EUCALYPTUS&source=2

Sage Oil:

1. Chevallier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants . New York, NY: DK Publishing Inc; 1996.
2. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs . Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.
3. Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics . New York, NY: J. Wiley and Sons; 1980.
4. Dobelis IN, ed. Magic and Medicine of Plants . Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Association, Inc; 1986.
5. Simon JE. Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography, 1971-1980 . Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press; 1984.
6. Duke, JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985.
7. Capek P, Hribalova V, Svandova E, Ebringergova A, Sasinkova V, Masarova J. Characterization of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. Int J Biol Macromol . 2003;33:113-119.
8. Hohmann J, Redei D, Mathe I, Blunden G. Phenylpropanoid glycosides and diterpenoids from Salvia officinalis . Biochem Syst Ecol . 2003;31:427-429.
9. Miura K, Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N. Apianane terpenoids from Salvia officinalis . Phytochemistry . 2001;58:1171-1175.
10. Ninomiya K, Matsuda H, Shimoda H, et al. Carnosic acid, a new class of lipid absorption inhibitor from sage. Bioorg Med Chem Lett . 2004;14:1943-1946.
11. Tildesley NT, Kennedy DO, Perry EK, et al. Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2003;75:669-674.
12. Savelev S, Okello E, Perry NS, Wilkins RM, Perry EK. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of anticholinesterase terpenoids in Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2003;75:661-668.
13. Baricevic D, Sosa S, Della Loggia R, et al. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L. leaves: the relevance of ursolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol . 2001;75:125-132.
14. Spoerke DG, Jr. Herbal Medications . Santa Barbara, CA: Woodbridge Press; 1980.
15. Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi A, Khani M. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther . 2003;28:53-59.
16. Perry NS, Bollen C, Perry EK, Ballard C. Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2003;75:651-659.
Grape Seed Oil

1. DerMarderosian A. The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 1999.
2. Bombardelli E,.Morazzoni P. Vitis vinifera L. Fitoterapia 1995;66:291-317.
3. Ray SD, Patel D, Wong V, Bagchi D. In vivo protection of dna damage associated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths during acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity, amiodarone-induced lung toxicity and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Res Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2000;107:137-66.
4. Yu H, Wang SE, Zhao C, Xu G. [Study of anti-atherosclerosic effect of grape seed extract and its mechanism]. Wei Sheng Yan. Jiu. 2002;31:263-5.
5. Bagchi D, Sen CK, Ray SD, Das DK, Bagchi M, Preuss HG et al. Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Mutat. Res 2003;523-524:87-97.
6. Preuss HG, Wallerstedt D, Talpur N, Tutuncuoglu SO, Echard B, Myers A et al. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. J Med 2000;31:227-46.
7. Nuttall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. An evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract, Leucoselect. J Clin Pharm. Ther. 1998;23:385-9.
8. Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Roy S, Sharma N, Trikha P, Bagchi D et al. Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins. Free Radic. Biol Med 2002;33:1089-96.
9. Bentivegna SS,.Whitney KM. Subchronic 3-month oral toxicity study of grape seed and grape skin extracts. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002;40:1731-43.
10. Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kikuchi M. Safety evaluation of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002;40:599-607.
11. Kim JM,.White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:545-6.
12. Corrigan JJ, Jr.,.Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA 1974;230:1300-1.
13. Sharma G, Tyagi AK, Singh RP, Chan DC, Agarwal R. Synergistic anti-cancer effects of grape seed extract and conventional cytotoxic agent doxorubicin against human breast carcinoma cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;85:1-12.

 Aloe Vera

[1] Heggie S, Bryant GP, Tripcony L, Keller J, Rose P, Glendenning M, et al. A Phase III study on the efficacy of topical aloe vera gel on irradiated breast tissue. Cancer Nurs.2002 Dec;25(6):442-51.
[2] Olsen DL, Raub W, Jr., Bradley C, Johnson M, Macias JL, Love V, et al.

The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum.2001 Apr;28(3):543-7.

[3] Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, Hill M, Schomberg PJ, Nearhood K, et al. Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.1996 Sep 1;36(2):345-9.

[4] Kuo PL, Lin TC, Lin CC. The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53-dependent and p21-dependent apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma cell lines. Life Sci.2002 Sep 6;71(16):1879-92

[5] Zhang L, Tizard IR. Activation of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: the major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gel. Immunopharmacology.1996 Nov;35(2):119-28.

[6] Lee JK, Lee MK, Yun YP, Kim Y, Kim JS, Kim YS, et al. Acemannan purified from Aloe vera induces phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol.2001 Jul;1(7):1275-84.

[7] Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Characterization of Aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. J Agric Food Chem.2001 Feb;49(2):1030-4.

[8] Lee KH, Kim JH, Lim DS, Kim CH. Anti-leukaemic and anti-mutagenic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne. J Pharm Pharmacol.2000 May;52(5):593-8.

[9] Yagi A, Kabash A, Okamura N, Haraguchi H, Moustafa SM, Khalifa TI. Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Planta medica. 2002 Nov;68(11):957-60.

[10] Pigatto PD, Guzzi G. Aloe linked to thyroid dysfunction. Archives of medical research. 2005 Sep-Oct;36(5):608.

[11] Rabe C, Musch A, Schirmacher P, Kruis W, Hoffmann R. Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol.2005 Jan 14;11(2):303-4.

[12] Lee A, Chui PT, Aun CS, Gin T, Lau AS. Possible interaction between sevoflurane and Aloe vera. Ann Pharmacother.2004 Oct;38(10):1651-4.

[14] FDA. Status of Certain Additional Over-the-Counter Drug Category II
and III Active Ingredients. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/050902a.htm

Capsaicin

1. Ellison N, et al. Phase III placebo-controlled trial of capsaicin cream in the management of surgical neuropathic pain in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2974-80.
2. Paice JA, et al. Topical capsaicin in the management of HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19:45-52
3. McCarthy GM, et al. Effect of topical capsaicin in the therapy of painful osteoarthritis of the hands. J Rheumatol 1992;19:604-7.
4. Deal CL, et al. Treatment of arthritis with topical capsaicin: a double-blind trial. Clin Ther 1991;13:383-95.
5. Biesbroeck R, Bril V, Hollander P, Kabadi U, Schwartz S, Singh SP et al. A double-blind comparison of topical capsaicin and oral amitriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy. Adv.Ther. 1995;12:111-20.
6. Stander S, Luger T, Metze D. Treatment of prurigo nodularis with topical capsaicin. J Am Acad.Dermatol 2001;44:471-8.
7. Dasgupta P, et al. Chilies: from antiquity to urology. Br J Urol 1997;80:845-52.
8. Fusco BM, Marabini S, Maggi CA, Fiore G, Geppetti P. Preventative effect of repeated nasal applications of capsaicin in cluster headache. Pain 1994;59:321-5.
9. Newall CA, et al. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
10. Park KK, Chun KS, Yook JI, Surh YJ. Lack of tumor promoting activity of capsaicin, a principal pungent ingredient of red pepper, in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Anticancer Research 1998;18:4201-5.
11. Lynn B. Capsaicin: actions on nociceptive C-fibres and therapeutic potential. Pain 1990;41:61-9.
12. Marsh SJ, Stansfeld CE, Brown DA, Davey R, McCarthy D. The mechanism of action of capsaicin on sensory C-type neurons and their axons in vitro. Neuroscience 1987;23:275-89.
13. Nolano M, Simone DA, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Johnson T, Hazen E, Kennedy WR. Topical capsaicin in humans: parallel loss of epidermal nerve fibers and pain sensation. Pain 1999;81:135-45.
14. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 2^nd ed. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Med Publications; 1998.
15. Lysy J, Sistiery-Ittah M, Israelit Y, Shmueli A, Strauss-Liviatan N, Mindrul V, Keret D, Goldin E. Topical capsaicin--a novel and effective treatment for idiopathic intractable pruritus ani: a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Gut. 2003 Sep;52(9):1323-6.
16. Van Rijswijk JB, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ. Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study. Allergy. 2003 58(8):754-61.
17. Mori A, et al. Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibts the growth of androgen-independent, p-53 mutant prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006 66(6):3222-29.